How The Signs That Can Be Present Within These Phenomena

Photography in itself, is a means of communication, it can be used in a variety of ways in order to narrate the world around us [Campbell, D (2010)]. As a species, humanity itself has proven to be visual beings, creating pictures across a variety of mediums in order to express ourselves and represent what is happening in the world around us. Images, whether they be paintings, drawings, or photographs, have played and continue to play a very important part in our society, as everyone is able to understand the image and interpret the story from it, despite barriers such as language which may prohibit initial communication, and the work of scholars and anthropologists, and even consumers of visual culture work tirelessly to decrypt and derive meaning from these mediums [Perlmutter, DD (2003)]. Analysis and understanding of the signs that can be present within these phenomena is known as ‘semiotics’, which is derived from the Greek word semeion, for ‘sign’. It c an be applied across a broad range of cultural mediums used in communication. Semiotics stresses the open-ended possibilities for any interpretation and the indeterminacy of meaning that can be taken from visual cues, and within photography, signs and visual communication of a story is paramount [Semiotics (2010)]. But is photography, in particular, landscape photography, able to convey the fullness of a story, and can everyone interpret the images and signs within those images the way they were meant to be understood, orShow MoreRelatedThe Double Edged Sword : Myth And Reality Essay1634 Words   |  7 Pagesnotion of a myth within material culture while reinforcing the idea of semiotics and unveiling the system behind it. Myth, for most people, is considered a kind of story or tale of history that might have some truth to it. When thinking of myth, we may recall tales of Hercules and Oedipus as well as cultural or religious phenomena such as the rebirth of Christ. Barthes has a ne w definition of myth, and that it is a mode of communication where what is said is not more important than how it is said. ToRead MoreRace, Gender, And Women892 Words   |  4 Pageswore pants; however, there was only a few women in pants; all women wore shirts that did not show very much (if any) cleavage—some women (around ten) wore black, white, gray, or brown veils over their heads—at first I believed that the veils were a sign that the women wearing them were preparing to become nuns; however, several small children were wearing the veils over their heads, and according to Lauren, the veils are symbolic—they show respect to the Saints and God by allowing women to observeRead MoreThe Concept Of Imagination, By Giambattista Vico And Thomas Hobbes1714 Words   |  7 Pageshighly significant within the presence of our contemporary generation as it is construed from diverse forms of perspectives. 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I was thirteen and that seemed so old. I remember that prior to the event there were many conversations within my family about the condition of my grandfather†™s heart and cardiovascular system and how he needed to make lifestyle changes. I remember him taking nitroglycerine pills. I remember him coming to Dallas to go to an appointment so that they could perform tests with names like â€Å"stress EKG.†Read MoreAvatar Film Analysis1439 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation to the audience, which could have significant impact on the normal order of the society. This essay will argue that if the message contains positive elements, then it is not a bad sign to embed science fiction works with a message. First, this essay will suggest that the well-integrated message within a particular science fiction work could enhance the quality of the entire plot. Next, it would demonstrate the significant influence of positive messages on the audience and the society. Finally

The Invention of the Automobile Essay - 1357 Words

Since the development of the steam engine people had been interested in creating self-powered vehicles, this manifested during the industrial revolution as the train. However, as time went on people became interested in creating a vehicle that wasn’t confined to tracks. The earliest attempts were moderately successful but served little practical purpose. Automobiles first began to truly spread with the invention of the electric motor which created cheaper, more powerful, and safer automobiles. Still the automobile still had numerous problems and were mainly in the hands of the rich. It was the development of the internal combustion engine and the assembly line that was truly able to create a practical vehicle that could be used by all and†¦show more content†¦Many other people continued the development and improvement of electric automobiles and for a time electric automobiles were the preferred type of Automobile because of their quiet ride, quick start-up, and lack of pollution. In fact electric automobiles held the land speed record well into the early 1900’s. However, they began to decline in the early 1900’s because of the increased prevalence and efficiency of the internal combustion engine. The invention and use of the internal combustion engine was a pivotal point in the history of the automobile. The first attempt at an internal combustion engine was in 1673 by Christian Huygens, using gunpowder as the fuel source, though it was basically worthless as you had to open the engine up and put new gunpowder in it after every single stroke (The Fuel Engine). This lack of a fuel for internal combustion engines sidelined its development for a couple hundred years. In 1860 Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir built the first effective internal combustion engine using natural gas (Bottorff). The ignition of the gas would create a vacuum and the resulting pressure difference between the vacuum and the atmosphere would drive the power stroke (Bottorff). This gas-atmospheric engine, as it is known, was an effective system capable generating 20hp, still it was imperfect. It was further improved with the developmentShow MoreRelatedThe Invention Of The Automobile2373 Words   |  10 PagesAu tomobiles are arguably one of the most important inventions in the history of the world. Not only have they allowed us to get from point A to point B in a faster fashion than walking but they have also aided us in new inventions that will greatly benefit the world. Before the birth of the automobile, people had few choices of transportation that could actually get them to a specific location of their choosing. Railroads and boats were modes of transportation that were mainly used for travellingRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile1051 Words   |  5 PagesThe Invention of the Automobile, A Turning Point in History One could argue that one of the best inventions of the 1900’s was the Model T Ford or Tin Lizzie. The invention of the automobile has certainly left an indelible mark on the American Society. Consequently, the automobile has become the center of an extraordinary industry with the assembly lines and mass production techniques. These elements have essentially revolutionized the automobile industry. The Model T Ford made car travel affordableRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe automobile has become one of the most important parts of daily life. Life as we know it would be altered without them. Without cars the simplest trips would take longer. Cars make life easier. Automobiles have improved throughout history and continue to improve as time goes on. The invention of the automobile cannot be credited to just one man or woman. â€Å". It is estimated that over 100,000 patents created the modern automobile.† (inventors.about.com). In the later 1700s, Engineers began to experimentingRead MoreThe Invention of the Automobile1798 Words   |  7 Pages Ever since the early invention of the automobile from the second industrial revolution, humans have taken granted for the convenience of this technological advancement. In most developed countries and urban cities like Vancouver, owning an automobile vehicle or taking any forms of transportation has become a norm and an essential element in order to operate our every day life. It is difficult to imagine a day without a transportation tool in our modern society: as a student, we need to commute toRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile1751 Words   |  8 PagesContrary to popular belief Henry Ford did not invent the automobile, or the assembly line. 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In this paper I willRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry1622 Words   |  7 PagesThere is a well known proverb that applies to many industries that goes â€Å"Necessity is the mother of all invention,† but, when it comes to the automobile industry it’s hard to say necessity was the main driving force, as opposed to, say, money. The mechanics of an automobile, and most other power-based machines, revolve around the invention of the internal combustion engine in the early 1860’s and it’s later commercialized application; at first it was more of a luxury item but soon after investorsRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry1450 Words   |  6 PagesBackground: One of the most innovative inventions of the 19th century was the invention of the automobile. It is clear that the automobile industry has changed the way people and goods travel. The industry basely existed until a man named Henry Ford made the automobile accessible to the public. He put into full motion what we now know today as the automobile industry. Henry Ford had both changed the automobile industry, as well as the manufacturing industry. Ford did this with the way he used theRead MoreInvention of the Automobile Essay2494 Words   |  10 PagesInvention of the Automobile In the beginning, man’s only form of transportation was his own feet. Later, to comfort his journey on foot, was the invention of footwear. Through envy of the speed of other animals he would learn to tame these animals. People who live in the desert ride atop camels. The people who live in the frigid climates travel by dogs. Some people from places like India ride elephants. But the must widely used form of transportation by animal power was by horse. Man wouldRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile Industry1302 Words   |  6 PagesThe automobile industry is said to have its beginnings dating to the 19th century. Gottieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, of Germany, fitted their engine into a stagecoach in 1886 (Kindersley, 2011, 10). They were both successful at creating the first four-wheeled, gas-engine vehicle. It reached a top speed of ten miles per hour. Each engine was still being fitted into stagecoaches (Kindersley, 2011, 10). The industrial revolution introduce d a wide array of new ideas for the automobile. The ideas ranged

Information Technology Risk Management Case Study of NSW Government

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Information Technology Risk Management of NSW Government. Answer: Illustrated diagram of current security risks and concerns considered by NSW government Explanation of the diagram The diagram consists of Risk assessment, Information security management system and information security risk. NSW government is concern of the information security system in order to reduce the security based risks (Gladstone 2014). The components of Information security risks are as followed: Malware infection, theft, social engineering and eavesdropping. The NSW government follows the codes in terms of treating the risks. During risk assessment NSW government considers certain terms such as risk identification, risk analysis, evaluation of the risks and documentation of the risks. The information security management system of NSW government manages the deliberate threats and accidental and environmental threats (Sadgrove 2016). Deliberate threat is again consists of internal threats such as Industrial action, social engineering and pirated software and external threats consists of Denial of services, web site intrusion, unauthenticated access, unauthorized access of data etc. On the other hand, accidental threat consists of internal threats such as faulty communication, user error, operational staff error etc and external threats such as software error and transmission level error (Sadgrove 2016). The access risk method serves at both code and ISMS. Threats Risks Rate Deliberate 1. DOS 2. Unauthorized denial of access 3. Industrial action 4. Website intrusion 5. Pirated software High Medium Medium low Low Low Accidental 1. Software error 2. Technical fault 3. User errors High Medium low Low Comparative analysis of deliberate threats and accidental threats Organizations all over the world are getting aware of the requirement to run a security management program in order to increase the information security system. Risk and security management includes merged activities that give direction and enough control to the risks occurring within the organizations (Gladstone 2014). Any asset that is valuable to the organization needs protection but threat is a potential that creates unwanted harm to the systems of the organizations (NSW Government Digital Information Security Policy | NSW ICT STRATEGY 2016). The most favorable targets of the hackers are government websites. Deliberate threat is also referred to as manmade threat, as most of the cases in generates due to different manmade actions. This threat can destruct and manipulate the content of the instances such as software, hardware and other data storages. None of the outsiders rather disgruntled employees, consultants, agents, and even consumers can also resultant to deliberate threats. Davies, Bergami and Miah (2016) stated that, deliberate threat misbalances the core security structure of an organization by leading loss of availability, authenticity, reliability, confidentiality, accountability and integrity. Deliberate threats includes snooping, spoofing, DOS (Denial of Services), eavesdropping, malicious codes etc. Lack of physical security, logical access security, and communication between the ICT groups leads to deliberate attack. According to Sadgrove (2016), virus attack has been identified as the biggest security concern in ICT management. The rate of consequences of Website intrusio n is increasing rapidly due to the development of VPN (Virtual Public Network) and electronic business. One of the most common form of attack is known as accidental threat that generally causes by intentional or unintentional mistakes of the employees working for IS management system. According to Gladstone (2014), by system malfunction, different operational mistakes and software bugging accidental threats to the security system can be generated. Maintenance errors, installation errors also contribute direct or indirect security errors to the system. Threats might also create vulnerabilities that are related to errors and omissions (Galliers and Leidner 2014). Accidental threat can affect the availability of data or information whereas; faulty communication may also lead to loss of data confidentiality. Inadequate data redundancy, network management system, planning and implementation and unclear agreements outsourcing are other vital examples of accidental threats (Klaic and Golub 2013). In accidental threat confidential or secured data can be hacked without the permission of the int ended person. Huge number of factors can cause certain critical provision of services. Technical error, transmission errors and configuration error are the reason of accidental threat. According to importance ranking of threats From the comparative analysis, it can be said that, deliberate threat and accidental threat both are destructive in nature but still threat ranking may help to evaluate and determine when and where how to act on a particular target (NSW Government Digital Information Security Policy | NSW ICT STRATEGY 2016 ). From the impact of the threats the ranking can be defined. Ranking of the threats based on the importance On the basis of importance or concern, it has been found that the most important or high level threats occur from deliberate threat than accidental as accidental threat cannot sill be controlled but control on deliberate threat is not easy (Davies, Bergami and Miah 2016). From a comparative analysis it is determined that, the target proportion can be reasonably affect the threat within coming ten years whereas, in case of deliberate, accidental and environmental threats the impact of the threats in the security management system are as followed: Threats name Impact of the threats Ranking based on importance Deliberate In deliberate threat it has been found to be pervasive in its scope and it is capable to affect the target around most of the oat of its occurrences and population (Beatty and Shou 2015). Not only this but also the threat it can destroy or eliminate the target accordingly. Very high Accidental Accidental threat can degrade or reduce the target of the generations not only this but also with technical support target can be restored or retrieved, though practical afford is not possible. High Justification on ranking of the threats The analytical experiment on threat explained that, the method mainly discovered degree of direct or active and indirect or passive threats in terms of biodiversity target on the website of NSW government (Vaheed, Tahir and Burhanuddin 2015). It also includes set of criteria to define the systematic conservation of the threats. Deliberate threat is ranked as very high as it cannot be easily controlled by the NSW government and retrieval of data and target is also difficult whereas, in case of accidental threat data and target can be retrieved with certain technical support. Explanation of different challenges that NSW government is going to face during decision making on security or risk management Several risks are occurring in NSW government due to lack of security management system. These are as followed: Planning priorities: From the demographic perspective NSW government needs to put higher concentration on planning framework appropriately for economic growth but NSW government is lacking it (Sadgrove 2016). Data integrity: This is another major issue faces by NSW government due to lack of data security. As the level of security is not up to the mark therefore, acceleration of data is highly possible. Infrastructure of NSW: The security infrastructure of NSW government is not up to dated therefore, up gradation on specific sector is needed to be introduced to improve the IS system of NSW government (Galliers and Leidner 2014). Conceptual difference between Risk and uncertainty Risk Uncertainty It is referred to as situation with known probabilities. The number of size and possible outcome is also not pre determined. This is a situation with unknown probability (Peltier 2016). The number of problem size and possible outcome is either be pre determined or may not be. The amount of risk can be minimized by adopting different precautions (Gladstone 2014). Uncertainty cannot be minimized as per the requirement. Measurement is not possible. The measurement is possible It can be controlled It cannot be controlled Various approaches evaluated by NSW government for Risk management and mitigation In order to mitigate different kinds of risks that are occurring in NSW government they are adopting some mitigation processes. These are as followed: Sensitivity analysis: It contains a wide range of application for economical and financial feasibility (Gladstone 2014). It also helps to module operation and different maintenance frameworks. Risk survey: Whatever risks are occurring within NSW government, in order to mitigate that, risk survey is needed to be adopted. Probability analysis: Risk can be measured with the help of the probability assessment. The probability analysis can combat the issues (Davies, Bergami and Miah 2016). Event tree analysis: It is capable to identify the consequences of an initiating event. Thus NSW has implemented this. References Beatty, A. and Shou, M., 2015. Property:'Rebuilding NSW'on private land: Who has compensation rights?.LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal,2(6), p.92. Davies, A., Bergami, R. and Miah, S.J., 2016. Implications of managing health related records and relevant information systems within intergovernmental agencies.arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.00882. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Gladstone, W., 2014. Criticisms of science, social impacts, opinion leaders, and targets for noà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ take zones led to cuts in New South Wales'(Australia) system of marine protected areas.Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems,24(3), pp.287-296. Klaic, A. and Golub, M., 2013. Conceptual modeling of information systems within the information security policies.J Econ Bus Manage,1(4), pp.371-376. NSW Government Digital Information Security Policy | NSW ICT STRATEGY. (2016). Finance.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 16 August 2016, from https://www.finance.nsw.gov.au/ict/resources/nsw-government-digital-information-security-policy Pearce, M., Zeadally, S., Hunt, R. (2013). Virtualization: Issues, security threats, and solutions. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 45(2), 17. Peltier, T. R. (2016). Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: guidelines for effective information security management. CRC Press. Sadgrove, K., 2016.The complete guide to business risk management. Routledge. Vaheed, M.M., Tahir, M.N.H. and Burhanuddin, M.A., 2015. ICT Project Failure in Government Sectors: Factors from Vendors Perspective.Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research,23(11), pp.2706-2712.

Seminole Patchwork Essays - Textile Arts, Sewing, Visual Arts

Seminole Patchwork ?Cross? or ?sacred fire?, ?arrow?, ?zigzag?, ?bird?, ?wave?, ?mountains? and ?diamondback rattlesnake? all have something in common. What do all of these names have in common? They are all names of Seminole patchwork designs. What exactly is patchworking? It can be defined as the process of sewing pieces of solid colored cloth together to make long rows of designs, which are then joined horizontally to other bands of cloth to form a garment (Downs, 1995, 88). This Native American artwork is closely associated with the Florida Seminoles. The history of this tribe and how they came to make patchwork garments is rather interesting. In making patchwork garments, things to be considered include how it is done (process), what elements of design are used, whom the garment is to be made for and who actually makes it. Presently, there are less artists in this craft and the future of patchwork may be at risk. Seminole patchwork has been done for over a century, and it's beauty and uniqueness n eeds to be revealed and recognized by Americans. The Seminole Indians were not always located in Florida. In the early 19th Century the Seminoles lived in the cool areas of Georgia. They wore animals hides and furs to keep warm. This all changed in 1830, when President Andrew Jackson passed the Indian Removal Policy of 1830, which forced the Seminoles to flee to Florida. In fleeing to Florida they left behind their homes, some relatives who refused to leave and their cool climate. In Florida, there was no longer a need for the warm furs and hides and they turned to the use of cloth. In 1840, they disappeared into the Everglades and lived there in peace, with no influences from other tribes. The Everglades were rich with exotic items that were worth a lot in trade markets. Once a year, the Seminoles would take a voyage on the Miami River to Miami. In Miami they could trade items such as alligator hides and egret plumes for rolls of cotton cloth. The Seminoles would use the cotton to make various pieces of clothing. One year, a voyag e could not be made to Miami to attain more cloth and the Seminoles were forced to use scraps of cloth, sewing them together to make a large piece of cloth or garment. These scrapped together garments were then called ?Taweekaache?, better known as patchwork. (Westermark ?Many Bad Horses) These patchwork garments brought tourists to the lush, tropical setting of the Everglade area. Tourists flocked to see the Seminole Indians and to buy their patchwork pieces. The process of making these garments was rather slow and somewhat complicated (Blackard and West, Downs, 1995, 85). A Seminole patchwork requires the maker to take/cut many pieces of clothe and then sew them together. The process of sewing, cutting, sewing and so on results in the making of complex geometric designs. There is a six-step process that illustrates how patchwork is done. This process is that of Nea Dodson, a modern day patchwork artist. The pattern is very simple, but is one that is good to get your feet wet in patchmaking. This process is the same used by the original Seminoles. 1.) Cut scraps into equal sized squares, making sure to be accurate. 2.) Next, cut a neutral fabric into long strips, which are as wide as the scrap squares. 3.) Sew the scrap squares between two strips of neutral fabric, like this. 4.) Cut strips apart so you now have a rectangle made of three squares: a square of neutral, a scrap square and another square of neutral. It is important that the edges are straight and the two neutral sides are even. 5.) Shift one rectangle down so that the top edge of the uppermost neutral square on the right is even with the top edge of the scrap square on the left. Sew the rectangles together. Keep adding rectangles in this manner. You will get a strip that looks like this. 6.) Keep adding rectangles until you have a strip as long as you want. Turn the strip so that the scrap squares are all on point (standing on one corner). Trim the upper and lower corners off the neutral squares (see

The future of an illusion essays

The future of an illusion essays Written in 1927, Freud notes that The Future of an Illusion is a book written in regard to the present and future state of religion, with a particular focus on the progression of religion rather than one specific event. Also, the book centers less on religious practices and rituals, and more on a firm belief in God. The book appears to be based around one assumed fact: that human life exists in a natural world, which does not always treat us so friendly. Though it is our natural world that has created and nurtured us, it will constantly attempt to destroy our specie through diseases, natural disasters and other forms of defeat. The situation or relationship of humanity to nature is one of the children to the parents. In response to natures threats, we have created groups and communities in an attempt to gather and create a civilization of people, though it should be noted that this does not come without a price. Freud asserts that when one enters a community, they must sacrifice many of their personal desires and exercise a great deal of restraint. For example, one can not kill simply out of rage, and one can not have intercourse with a married other, these natural instincts must be restrained. Yet, despite all of this sacrifice and restraint exercised, we are forever helpless in the face of nature. In the perpetual battle between humans and nature, sickness and death will always win in the end. Moving on, Freud notes that this unhappy reality does not sit well with many people. In fact, it destroys what many hold closest to their heart: a sense of ultimate protection by a father figure, which was often felt during childhood. Even as mature adults, many people long for that sense of security, despite knowledge that it does not exist. Freud notes that this is where the voice of religion enters, providing a childhood sense of security that can not be found elsewhere. Religious beliefs projec ...

Communities of practice and their contribution to organisational Essay

Communities of practice and their contribution to organisational learning - Essay Example According to Jeanand Etienne (1991, p21), learning is not dependent on whether the learner and the teacher has a common code and in most cases only requires a congruent participation of both the one seeking knowledge and the source in the same activities. Once different professionals within an organization come together, whether in a formal alliance (team) or informally, they are able to collaborate on projects and this increases productivity. For instance, if one professional has something they want to do, like if instance a project, they can bring together their resources, that is, knowledge and skills, to work on that project. Most of the collaborations within an organization are actually informal and the members are usually in the group because they enjoy working together and sharing ideas. In fact, according to Hasanali et al (2002, p.59), most organizations don not assess the usefulness of communities of practice until after the communities have set themselves and manifested th emselves in a good way. When employees within an organization come together to collaborate on projects, they are better able to share knowledge, skills and ideas. Apart from being able to deliver better work efficiently, collaboration in a firm is one of the most effective methods to manage an organization’s knowledge base. As the employees within the same domain of practice share information and pass on skills, they are more able to guarantee that the knowledge of the organization will remain in the organization. This can happen across all the departments of an organization as long as the collaboration is within one domain of profession. As Etienne (1998, p.4), says, such participation in collaborative teams defines what people do as well who we become and how we interact with what we do.? this is why communities of practice are so crucial within the organization as a tool to manage the organizational knowledge. At the same time, as Etienne et al, (2002, p.17), argued, commu nities of sharing are remarkably efficient implementing corporate strategy in the organization by bringing their ideas together. Experience sharing Within an organization, sharing experience is one of the ways in which communities of practice pass on their benefits to each other. This is probably one of the best forms of informal apprenticeship within an organization. One employee who is carrying out a project will be able to seek experience from others who have in the past achieved it. Again, this can also happen in any of the organization’s department and employees will benefit from the experience of others. For instance, if an employee is supposed to carry out some tasks such as advising a client on the best product to meet his needs, the employee can seek, among his or her community of practice in the organization, an individual who has done this in the past and then enlist their help. As the employee gets help from the other individual they will also be able to learn a l ot about the project they are carrying out. Reusing assets This refers to the fact that the individuals within a community of practice can and do use intellectual and knowledge assets that have already been made by members of the community of practice within the organization. For instance, if one accountant within an organiz

Critically evaluate the role and effectiveness of the Environment Essay

Critically evaluate the role and effectiveness of the Environment Agency (UK) in improving air quality in the United Kingdom - Essay Example The organisation plays a regulative role in reducing the emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere from huge industrial processes and thereby improving the air quality in the country. Recently, the agency has planned to extent its operational area to large scale agricultural activities too while giving exception to some agricultural activities that cause release of air pollutants. This paper will critically evaluate the role and effectiveness of UK’s Environmental Agency in promoting air quality in the country. Air pollution in UK Air pollution is a drastically growing issue in the United Kingdom at both local and national levels. Although the air pollution in UK has been better improved over the last decade, it still struggles with air quality issues. Official data indicate that CO2 emissions significantly contribute to the UK’s pollution issue. The UK Air Quality Strategy gives specific focus on emission of air pollutants including benzene, 1,3-butadiene, lead, o zone, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides (DEFRA, 2012). Road transport, fuel combustion, and industrial emissions are some of the major sources of air pollution in UK. Historically, the UK has been greatly suffering from sulphur dioxide and smoke emissions. Nowadays, traffic emissions are growing to be a potential impediment to the UK’s air pollution control efforts. Combustion of fossil fuels has an increasing impact on the UK’s urban air quality. As we mentioned above, air pollution has a range of negative effects on both health and environment. Even though moderate levels of air pollution are not likely to have any serious effect on a normal individual, continuous and long term exposure to air pollution may result in threatening health conditions including inflammatory and respiratory system failures. Air pollution more severely affects the long term sustainability of the environment. Emission of air pollutants like CO2 causes depletion of ozone layer and allows i nfrared and other harmful rays to enter the earth’s atmosphere. Such rays are dangerous to a number of ecosystems and therefore cause to destroy the balance of ecology. Researchers argue that air pollution can have devastating impacts on biodiversity and crop yields. In UK, several studies are being conducted to accurately explore the effects of air pollution on vegetation. Primarily, the UK has started its response to air pollution by the middle of the 20th century when issues like urban smog, black smoke, and sulphur dioxide had begun to threaten the country’s environmental safety. The United Kingdom started to monitor its air pollution issues on a national scale in 1961 (UK Air Pollution, 2003). In the strength of such initiatives, the country could notably reduce coal burning emissions to a great extent. When the country focused more on the reduction of combustion related emissions, transport sector grew to be the most potential source of air pollution in most regi ons of the UK. In order to effectively address this historic change, the UK government’s focus has progressively turned to traffic pollutants including ozone, fine particular matter, and nitrogen dioxide. Some data indicate that UK’s air monitoring networks have noticeably developed over the last two decades; but, this growth did not much contribute to air quality level improvement. Increasing awareness of environmental sustainability, UK’